Psychometric properties of the Diurnal Insomnia Symptoms Response Scale (DISRS) in a Mexican population sample APPENDIX / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Respuestas a los Síntomas Diurnos del Insomnio (DISRS) en una muestra de población mexicana

Abstract Introduction Increased rumination is associated with longer night-time sleep onset latency and poorer sleep quality and efficiency in people with insomnia symptoms. Objective To validate the Diurnal Insomnia Symptoms Response Scale (DISRS) in a general population sample. Method 102 participants (women = 67 and men = 35) comprising patients and relatives who attended an outpatient consultation at a health center in Mexico City were evaluated. The English-Spanish-English translation system was used by two Spanish-speaking experts on the subject, an independent bilingual expert translated the new version of the scale into English, which was then compared with the original. The following self-administered questionnaires were used to evaluate the convergent, discriminant validity of this tool: the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Results The internal consistency of the scale items was α = .93. Principal components factor analysis yielded three factors with an eigenvalue of greater than one, which together explain 59.5% of the variance. Correlations between the total DISRS score and the cognitive-motivational dimensions (r = .938, p < .01), negative state (r = .898, p < .01) and tiredness (r = .853, p < .01) were statistically significant. Insomnia symptoms (SCC = .89) outweighed worries (SCC = .33) and ruminant responses (SCC = .33) when discriminating between cases with low and high levels of rumination associated with insomnia symptoms. Discussion and conclusion Our results suggest that the DISRS scale has adequate psychometric properties that make it valid and reliable for use with the Mexican population.

Resumen Introducción Los pensamientos rumiativos se asocian con mayor latencia del sueño, peor calidad y eficiencia de sueño en personas con insomnio. Objetivo Realizar la validación de la escala de respuestas a los síntomas diurnos del insomnio (DISRS) en una muestra de población general en México. Método Se evaluaron a 102 participantes (mujeres = 67 y hombres = 35) que acudieron a consulta externa de un centro de salud de la Ciudad de México. Se utilizó el sistema de traducción inglés-español-inglés, un experto bilingüe independiente tradujo al inglés la nueva versión de la escala y se verificó con el original. Para evaluar la validez convergente y discriminante del DISRS, se aplicó la Escala de Respuestas Rumiativas (RRS), el Índice de Severidad del Insomnio (ISI) y el Cuestionario de Preocupaciones de Pensilvania (PSWQ). Resultados La consistencia interna de los ítems fue α = .93. El análisis factorial de componentes principales determinó tres factores con valor propio superior a uno, que explican 59.5% de la varianza. Las correlaciones del puntaje del DISRS con las dimensiones cognitivo-motivacional (r = .938, p < .01), estado negativo (r = .898, p < .01) y cansancio (r = .853, p < .01) resultaron significativas. Los síntomas de insomnio (CCE =.89) tuvieron más peso que las preocupaciones (CCE = .33) y las respuestas rumiativas (CCE = .33) al discriminar a los casos con bajos y altos niveles de rumiación asociada al insomnio. Discusión y conclusión La escala DISRS en español tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que la hacen válida y confiable para ser utilizada en población mexicana.

Sleep hygiene practices in patients with major depression with comorbid insomnia, primary insomnia, and good sleepers / Prácticas de higiene de sueño en pacientes con depresión mayor con insomnio comórbido, insomnio primario y buenos durmientes

Abstract Introduction Inadequate sleep hygiene (SH) is considered factor contributing to insomnia. However, the practice of SH by depressed patients with comorbid insomnia has not been explored. Objective We aimed to compare the practice of SH between patients with major depression, comorbid insomnia, primary insomnia, and good sleepers. Method One hundred and eighty-two adult individuals participated: 62 outpatients with major depressive disorder with comorbid insomnia (MDD), 56 outpatients with primary insomnia (PI), and 64 good sleepers (GS). All participants were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview, an insomnia interview, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Sleep Hygiene Practice Scale. We compared the practice of SH as a whole and by domains between the groups and the relation between SH practice, insomnia, and sleep quality. Results Patients with PI and MDD showed a significantly worse practice of global SH. In the comparison by SH domains, MDD and PI groups had significantly worse scores than GS in all domains. Individuals with MDD showed a significantly worse practice of sleep schedule and arousal related behaviors than PI group. Although, SH practice was significantly related with insomnia and sleep quality in the whole sample, this association remained significant only in the PI. The arousal-related behaviors domain was the main predictor of insomnia and sleep quality. Discussion and conclusion Although patients with insomnia comorbid with MDD or with PI have a worse SH practice than GS, only arousal-related behaviors and drinking/eating habits contribute significantly to insomnia severity and sleep quality.

Resumen Introducción Una inadecuada higiene de sueño (HS) se considera como un factor que contribuye al insomnio, incluido el insomnio comórbido con trastornos mentales. Sin embargo, no se ha estudiado la práctica de HS en pacientes con depresión e insomnio comórbido. Objetivo Comparar la práctica de HS entre pacientes con depresión mayor con insomnio comórbido, insomnio primario y buenos durmientes. Método Participaron 182 individuos: 62 pacientes ambulatorios con trastorno depresivo mayor con insomnio comórbido (TDM), 56 pacientes con insomnio primario (IP) y 64 buenos durmientes (BD). A todos se les realizó una entrevista psiquiátrica estructurada, una entrevista sobre insomnio, el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh, el Índice de Severidad de Insomnio y la Escala de Prácticas de Higiene de Sueño. Comparamos la práctica de HS tanto global como por dominios entre los grupos, y la relación entre la práctica de HS, el insomnio y la calidad de sueño. Resultados Los pacientes con IP y con TDM mostraron una práctica global de la HS significativamente peor. En la comparación por dominios, los grupos con TDM e IP alcanzaron peores calificaciones que los BD en todos. La práctica de HS se relacionó significativamente con el insomnio y calidad de sueño en la muestra total, sin embargo, solamente en el grupo con IP se mantuvo significativa. El dominio de conductas relacionadas con el alertamiento fue el principal predictor de insomnio y calidad de sueño. Discusión y conclusión Aunque los pacientes con insomnio comórbido con TDM o con IP tienen peores hábitos de HS que los BD, solamente las conductas relacionadas con el alertamiento y los hábitos de alimentación contribuyen significativamente a la gravedad del insomnio y calidad de sueño.

Correlatos del maltrato físico en la infancia en mujeres adultas con trastorno distímico o depresión mayor / Correlates of childhood physical maltreatment in adult women with dysthymic disorder or major depression

Epidemiologic studies have found that childhood physical maltreatment affects 31% and 21% of males and females, respectively, and almost one half of cases correspond to severe physical abuse. A recent study carried out in population from four representative regions of our country found that 14% to 21% of adolescents reported a history of physical abuse during childhood. Childhood maltreatment experiences have been found to be associated to development of psychopathology during childhood. In regard to mood disorders, interest has been focused on the relationship between depression and sexual abuse. An explanation to this situation is that both conditions predominantly affect women while physical abuse is more frequent among men. However, physical abuse produces more negative consequences on women's health; severe physical abuse equally affects men and women; moreover, child physical abuse has been significantly associated with depression only in women. The experiences of adverse events during childhood also seem to be associated with dysthymic disorder, a depressive condition of lower symptomatic severity but longer duration than major depression. Nevertheless, data about childhood physical abuse among patients with dysthymic disorder are scarce. One study found that physical and sexual abuses were significantly more frequent among dysthymic and depressed patients in comparison with control subjects. This finding suggests an association between physical abuse and both acute and chronic forms of depression. On the basis of this knowledge, the aims of this study were: a) to determine and compare the frequency of childhood physical abuse among women with major depression or dysthymic disorder in a community mental health centre; b) to determine psychiatric comorbidity in relation to the history of physical abuse; and c) to compare the severity of depressive symptoms and suicide risk between depressed patients (major depression or dysthymic disorder) with or without a history of childhood physical maltreatment. Subjects were recruited from the population seeking psychiatric attention in a community mental health centre. To be included, patients were required to be females, 18-65 years old, literate, meet DSM IV criteria for major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder, and give their written informed consent. All patients were assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Childhood Physical Maltreatment Index. This self-report instrument was developed as part of the study. It consists of five questions and it showed satisfactory psychometric properties (e. g., inter-item score correlations .54-.67, item-total score correlations .78-.85 and Cronbach's alpha = .88). Eighty patients were studied: 42 with major depression (MD) and 38 with dysthymic disorder (DD). Patients with MD were not significantly different from DD subjects in age (38.0±11.3 vs. 39.8±12.9, respectively; t = -.64, gl 78, p = .52), civil status (64.2% vs 55.2% living with a partner; x² = .67, gl 1, p = .49), education years (9.5±3.2 vs. 10.3±3.1, respectively; t = -1.1, gl 78, p = .25) and occupation (50% vs. 60% dedicated to housework; x² = .89, gl 1, p = .37). Seventy six percent of patients reported a history of childhood physical abuse; there were no significant differences between MD and DD patients (75% vs. 72%, respectively). However, severity of maltreatment showed a tendency to be significantly higher among MD patients (4.88 [DE 4.81] vs. 3.18 [DE 3.10]; t = 1.8, gl 78, p= 07). Women with a history of physical abuse obtained significantly higher scores on depression than patients without it. This association was not dependent on diagnosis. In contrast, suicide risk was not significantly different between patients with or without child physical abuse. The number of comorbid psychiatric disorders showed a marginal association with the history of physical abuse (1.2 -DE 1.0] vs. 0.78 -DE 0.91], t= -1.6, gl 78, p=.09). According to these results, three out of four women with major depression or dysthymic disorder suffered from physical abuse during childhood. This proportion is notably higher than the one found in general population, and it also differs from the prevalence rate reported in previous studies with depressed patients. In one study where authors examined 1019 patients admitted in a psychiatric hospital, they identified a history of child physical abuse in 12.3% and 8.3% of MD and DD patients, respectively. Later, a rate of 16% and 29% among MD and DD patients was reported. More recently, an epidemiologic study found a rate of 40.3% among women with major depression. The disparity in the reported prevalence rates might have several explanations. Some studies have used definitions of childhood physical maltreatment which seem to correspond to a severe form. For example, in one study it was defined as the experience of being hit hard or often enough to leave bruises, draw blood, or require medical attention. Another one included some other aggressive behaviors (being pushed, grabbed or shoved), but they were not considered as maltreatment if they had had a low frequency. The inclusion of these behaviors, which could be classified as <

De acuerdo con estudios epidemiológicos en México, 18% de los adultos y de 14 a 21% de los adolescentes afirman haber recibido golpes durante su niñez por parte de alguno de sus padres. Las experiencias de maltrato en la infancia se han asociado con el desarrollo de psicopatología en la edad adulta. Sin embargo, en el caso particular de la depresión mayor, el interés se ha concentrado en la relación existente con la historia de abuso sexual. Uno de los argumentos que se han planteado es que ambas condiciones son más frecuentes en la mujer, mientras que el maltrato físico lo es en hombres. No obstante, el abuso físico tiene más consecuencias negativas en la salud de las mujeres. Se ha identificado que no existen diferencias significativas entre las mujeres adultas con historia de abuso sexual y aquéllas con antecedente de abuso físico, con respecto a los síntomas físicos y psicológicos que experimentan. Además, la historia de maltrato físico se asocia significativamente con la presencia de depresión sólo en las mujeres. En conjunto, esta información sugiere que el maltrato físico puede cumplir un papel más importante del que se ha pensado en el desarrollo de la depresión. La experiencia de eventos adversos en la infancia también parece asociarse con el curso y pronóstico del trastorno distímico, aunque la información con respecto a este trastorno es escasa. Por lo anterior, en el presente trabajo nos propusimos: a) determinar y comparar la frecuencia del maltrato físico en la infancia en mujeres con trastorno depresivo mayor y trastorno distímico en un centro comunitario de salud mental; b) determinar la comorbilidad psiquiátrica asociada con la historia de maltrato físico; y c) comparar la gravedad de la sintomatología depresiva y del riesgo suicida en función de la historia de maltrato físico y el diagnóstico. Se estudiaron mujeres, de 18 a 65 años de edad, alfabetas, con diagnóstico de trastorno depresivo mayor o trastorno distímico (DSM-IV) y que aceptaran participar otorgando su consentimiento informado por escrito. Las participantes fueron evaluadas con la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica y respondieron el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB) y el Índice de Maltrato Físico Infantil (IMFI). El IMFI es un instrumento autoaplicable que se desarrolló como parte de la investigación. Inicialmente se elaboraron 59 reactivos sobre experiencias de maltrato en la infancia, los cuales fueron clasificados por cuatro jueces clínicos. Cinco reactivos se clasificaron como maltrato físico por tres de los cuatro jueces, por lo que éstos se emplearon para conformar el IMFI. El instrumento mostró propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias: coeficientes de correlación elevados entre los reactivos y la suma total, un alto coeficiente de confiabilidad, y en el análisis factorial produjo un solo componente que explicaba casi 70% de la varianza. Participaron en la investigación ochenta mujeres, 42 con trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) y 38 con trastorno distímico (TD). El 75 y 72%, respectivamente, reportaron una historia positiva de maltrato físico. La intensidad del maltrato experimentado mostró una tendencia a ser significativamente mayor entre las mujeres con TDM (4.88 [DE 4.81] vs. 3.18 [DE 3.10]; t=1.8, gl 78, p=.07). Las mujeres con historia de maltrato físico obtuvieron calificaciones significativamente más elevadas en el IDB en comparación con las que no lo habían sufrido. Este resultado fue independiente del diagnóstico. En contraste, el riesgo suicida no varió significativamente en función de la historia de maltrato físico. Las pacientes con historia de maltrato físico tendieron a presentar un mayor número de trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos. En este mismo grupo, la gravedad de la sintomatología depresiva se relacionó significativamente con la gravedad del maltrato (r=0.27, p=.03). Los resultados muestran que aproximadamente tres de cada cuatro mujeres con TDM o TD experimentaron maltrato físico en la infancia. Éste se asocia, además, con una mayor gravedad de los síntomas depresivos y posiblemente con una mayor comorbilidad psiquiátrica. La elevada proporción de mujeres con TDM o TD con una historia de maltrato contrasta con los datos obtenidos en estudios previos. El origen de la discrepancia puede estar, al menos en parte, en la definición empleada, ya que en este estudio se usó una definición más estricta que incluye el maltrato considerado <

Confiabilidad y análisis factorial de la versión en español del Indice de Calidad De Sueño de Pittsburgh en pacientes psiquiátricos / Reliability and factorial analysis of the Spanish version of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index among psychiatric patients

Introducción: El Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh (ICSP) se ha convertido en un instrumento estándar para la medición de la calidad del sueño. No obstante, no se ha evaluado su estructura factorial y, además, la existencia de dos versiones en castellano ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de realizar adaptaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la confiabilidad y composición factorial del ICSP. Material y métodos: Ochenta y siete pacientes psiquiátricos y 48 sujetos control se sometieron a una entrevista psiquiátrica y completaron el ICSP. Se estimó la consistencia interna y composición factorial del ICSP, se compararon las calificaciones por grupo y sexo, y se estimó la relación con la edad. Los grupos no difirieron significativamente en edad y sexo. Resultados: El ICSP obtuvo un coeficiente de confiabilidad satisfactorio (0.78) y coeficientes de correlación significativos (0.53 a 0.77) entre los componentes y la suma total, quedando conformado por dos factores: calidad de sueño per se y duración del sueño. Los pacientes presentaron calificaciones más altas que los sujetos control, tanto en la suma total como en los componentes, excepto en la duración del sueño. No se identificaron diferencias por sexo, ni relación significativa con la edad. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que el ICSP es un instrumento confiable para la evaluación de la calidad del sueño en población mexicana.

INTRODUCTION: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) has become a standard instrument to measure sleep quality. However, its factor structure has not been fully explored and the available Spanish versions have revealed the need to make adaptations. Our objective was to assess the factor structure and reliability of the PSQI. METHODS: Eighty seven psychiatric patients without treatment and 48 control subjects underwent psychiatric structured assessment and completed the PSQI. Internal consistency and factor structure of PSQI was measured and the scale scores were compared between groups and by gender. Association with age was also calculated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between psychiatric patients and control subjects on age and gender. Subjects had no problem understanding and answering the questions in the instrument. The PSQI displayed a satisfactory reliability coefficient (0.78) and component-total score correlations were all significant (0.53-0.77). The PSQI showed two main factors: sleep duration and sleep quality. Patients obtained significantly higher scores than controls, in both the global and the component scores, with the exception of sleep duration. The PSQI scores were not significantly different between males and females and were not associated with age. CONCLUSIONS: The PSQI is a reliable instrument to measure sleep quality in Mexican subjects.

Estudio de validación de la traducción al español de la Escala Atenas de Insomnio

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Summary Introduction Insomnia affects 30% of population; 10% suffers from chronic insomnia. Quantitative approaches have predominated in the clinical assessment of insomnia; however, the importance of evaluating qualitative aspects has been outlined in the last decade. This has been reflected in diagnostic criteria of classification systems. According to DSM-IV-TR, ICD-10, and ICSD, the diagnosis of insomnia does not require the objective quantification of reduced sleep. For many years, sleep diaries/logs have been used in the measurement of insomnia, and although they contemplate the individual's subjective perception of sleep, they assess only sleep quantity. In addition to the sleep diaries/logs, several instruments for the measurement of sleep problems have been developed on the basis of different clinical and/or research needs; the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Leeds Sleep Questionnaire, and the St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire are some of them. Recently, the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) has been presented. In contrast with previous instruments, AIS is based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnostic criteria for insomnia. This paper presents the results of a translation into Spanish and the validity study of the AIS with a sample of Mexican population. Method The AIS is a self-rating instrument of eight items. In its instructions, the requisites for sleep problems frequency and duration are established, and correspond to criterion B of insomnia (ICD-10). Nevertheless, the time period of study can be modified to adjust it to research and/or clinical interests. The first four items of AIS asses sleep problems from a quantitative point of view, and the fifth item assesses sleep quality. These five items correspond to criterion A. The last three items evaluate the impact of insomnia during the day (criterion C). A simplified version, consisting of the first five items has been proposed by the authors. Each item can be rated in a 0-3 scale, where cero means the lack of problems and three the most severe condition. Total score is obtained from the sum of scores on eight items (range 0-24). The guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) were followed with the aim of securing the equivalence between Spanish and English versions of the AIS. In this way, a bilingual group of experts revised the conceptual structure of the original scale and approved its susceptibility of translation. The instrument was translated into Spanish and this text was examined by the bilingual group and a monolingual group. Minor corrections were suggested by the monolingual group. Then, the Spanish text was back translated into English by another bilingual expert. After revising this back-translated text, the bilingual group considered that the Spanish version was equivalent to the original. The sample consisted of a control group (n=146) of high school, undergraduate, and postgraduate students, and a clinical group of psychiatric outpatients (n=48) and inpatients (n=51). After giving their informed consent to participate, all subjects completed the AIS (eight items) with a modification in the time period of assessment. Internal reliability coefficient, total-item correlations, and differences in scores for gender and group were calculated. Also, the AIS was subjected to factorial analysis. Results The sample was composed by young adults with a slightly larger proportion of women (57%) than men. Psychiatric patients showed significantly higher scores than control subjects, and obtained higher scores than men, but this difference was not significant. Age showed a significant but weak positive relation with AIS scores. The AIS showed a high internal reliability in the whole sample (Cronbach's alpha=0.90). The lowest coefficient (0.77) was observed in the control group and the highest one (0.93) in psychiatric outpatients. Total-item correlations ranged from moderate to high; again, control patients obtained the lowest and psychiatric patients the highest. In the factorial analysis, the eight items emerged as a single component with a high percentage of explained variance (59.5%) and item-item correlations ranged from 0.38 to 0.75. Discussion These findings showed that AIS (Spanish text) is a useful instrument in the assessment of insomnia. Its brief and simple format let the clinician and/or researcher have a numerical index about sleep problems in just a few minutes. Another of the AIS's attributes is the possibility of changing the time period of assessment. This contrasts with some other instruments which require longer times for rating and scoring. Besides, some questionnaires are less flexible and are designed to asses predetermined time periods. Internal reliability obtained with the whole sample and with each group is almost identical to that obtained in the original report with a translation into Greek. This finding supports the efficiency of WHO's guidelines for translation of instruments, documents the cultural stability of certain constructs, and facilitates the integration of data from different investigations. Even when several instruments are available for the evaluation of sleep problems, the PSQI is probably the most used, and as far as we know the only one which translation into Spanish has been subjected to a validity study. In comparison with AIS, the Spanish versions of PSQI have shown a less stable internal consistency. Furthermore, total-item and item-item correlations have been less satisfactory for the PSQI than for AIS. The high degree of internal homogeneity of AIS is also supported by the results of factorial analysis where the eight items emerge as a single component, and total-item correlations ranged from moderate to high. As an additional evidence for AIS validity, women and psychiatric patients showed higher scores, and agerelated positively, but weakly, with AIS scores. Recently, the results of a diagnostic validity study with AIS have been published and a cutoff score of six has shown to be the best balance between sensitivity and specificity for a correct case identification. Future research should focus on the relation between AIS scores, age, and gender; the applicability of AIS in samples of patients with specific sleep disorders or different psychiatric disorders, and the AIS sensitivity to change (e.g., with or without pharmacological and/or no pharmacological interventions). In conclusion, the AIS is a brief and reliable instrument for the measurement of insomnia in clinical practice and sleep research.

El insomnio en la práctica médica / Insomnia in medical practice

El sueño es un estado fisiológico del que aún se desconocen con exactitud cuáles son sus funciones, aunque sus alteraciones se ven reflejadas en la vigilia del ser humano. Una de las alteraciones más frecuentes del sueño es el insomnio, el cual debe ser considerado como un síntoma y partiendo de esto, ubicarlo dentro de las distintas condiciones que pueden estar presentes, pues de ello dependerá el tratamiento correcto. El presente artículo describe brevemente algunas características del sueño normal, así como las condiciones más frecuentes en las que ocurre el insomnio y su tratamiento.

Asociación entre impulsividad y depresión en pacientes hospitalizados por intento suicida / Association between impulsivity and depression in hospitalized patients because of sucidal intent

El intento suicida es uno de los principales indicadores de riesgo para llevar a cabo el suicidio de consumación; este riesgo es mayor en el paciente psiquiátrico. Los hallazgos neuroquímicos sugieren la presencia de una disfunción serotoninérgica subyacente a la depresión, a la conducta suicida, a la impulsividad y a la agresividad. También se ha documentado que en los sujetos con intento suicida existente un subgrupo cuyos intentos suicidas son impulsivos per se. Este trabajo se propuso evaluar la asociación que existe entre la impulsividad del acto, la impulsividad como estilo de vida y el estado de ánimo depresivo en los sujetos admitidos en un hospital psiquiátrico por intento suicida. Durante el periodo de octubre de 1994 a enero de 1995 se estudiaron 27 sujetos con intento suicida y se compararon con 17 pacientes psiquiátricos, apareados por edad y sexo. Se obtuvieron los datos demográficos y los diagnósticos psiquiátricos con una entrevista clínica y se utilizaron: la Escala de Intento Suicida de Beck (EIS), la Escala de impulsividad de Plutchick (EI) y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB). Además se formaron dos subgrupos; en el primero, aquellos que realizaron un intento suicida impulsivo y en el segundo, los que realizaron uno no impulsivo, con base en los apartados 6 y 15 de la EIS. No existieron diferencias significativa con respecto a la edad, el sexo, el estado civil, la ocupación, la escolaridad y el diagnóstico, pero sí los hubo con el nivel de depresión y la impulsividad, donde los casos obtuvieron puntuaciones en el IDB y en la EI significativamente mayores. No se observaron diferencias signficativas en el IDB entre los subgrupos con intento suicida impulsivo y no impulsivo, mientras que en ela EI mostró una tendencia a la significancia. Estos resultados indican que los sujetos con intento suicida admitidos en este hospital presentaron las características de riesgo que la bibliografía internacional reporta, además muestra que existen mayores índices de impulsividad como estilo de vida, y que este rasgo se asocia más al intento suicida que al estado de ánimo depresivo en los casos en los que el intento fue impulsivo